| 1,219 | 9 | 4 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
脑机接口(BCI)是实现将神经活动(思维)转换为获取信号并操作外部设备的通信技术，其应用于医疗、制造、军事司法等领域。存在主义哲学家海德格尔以现象学方法对技术的“解蔽”本质做了不同于传统西方实体论的描述，其生存论渗透着伦理思考。基于存在主义反思BCI技术的伦理难题，可从技术“集置”—机脑不兼容的生理危机，文化“开裂”—新兴术语的模糊性与现存道德规范的错位，认知“祛魅”—身体完整性的肢解与自我身份感的淡化，社会“急难”—知情隐私权与责任主体的缺失四个维度入手，并相应地从向死而在的理性审度、自主决断的知情权、完善民意共谋与网络化机制等方面提出前瞻性出路，以促进脑机接口的良性有序发展。
Abstract：Brain-computer interface(BCI)is a communication technology that transforms neural activities(thinking)into acquiring signals and operating external devices, and it is applied to medicine, military and other fields. Heidegger, an existentialist philosopher, describes the essence of technology as uncovering by phenomenology, which is different from the traditional western entity model. To reflect on the ethical problems of BCI technology based on existentialism, we can start from four dimensions: technology Gestell-the physiological crisis of incompatibility between computer and brain; cultural cracking-the ambiguity of emerging terms and the dislocation of existing moral norms; cognitive disenchantment-the dismemberment of physical integrity and the dilution of sense of self-identity; and social emergency-the lack of informed privacy rights and the subject of responsibility. In order to promote the benign and orderly development of brain-computer interface, I propose a forward-looking way out from the aspects of rational judgment towards death, the right to know of independent decision, and improving public opinion collusion and network mechanism.
[1] [英]菲利普·斯托可斯.西方哲学常识[M].吴叶韵，译.北京：中国友谊出版公司，2008:204.
[2] Schermer M.The Mind and the Machine.On the Conceptual and Moral Implications of Brain-Machine Interaction[J].Nano Ethics:Ethics for Technologies that Converge at the Nanoscale,2009,3(3):217-230.
[3] Mak J N,Wolpaw J R.Clinical Applications of Brain-Computer Interfaces:Current State and Future Prospects[J].IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering,2009,2:191.
[4] Prashant P,Joshi A,Gandhi V.Brain Computer Interface:A Review[C]//2015 5th Nirma University International Conference on Engineering,2015:2.
[5] 王高峰，张志领.算法伦理视域下的脑机接口伦理问题研究[J].自然辩证法研究，2022,38(7):68-73.
[6] 胡天力.人类自由的促进抑或机器统治的崛起?:论脑机接口技术对自由意志的影响[J].自然辩证法研究，2021,37(10):29-35.
[7] 荆珊.情感脑机接口技术应用的伦理挑战与应对[J].自然辩证法研究，2021,37(9):35-41.
[8] 顾心怡，陈少峰.脑机接口的伦理问题研究[J].科学技术哲学研究，2021,38(4):79-85.
[9] [德]海德格尔.路标[M].孙周兴，译.北京：商务印书馆，2014:419.
[10] 赵卫国.海德格尔思想的多维透视[M].北京：人民出版社，2016:88.
[11] [德]海德格尔.同一与差异[M].孙周兴，王庆节，主编.北京：商务印书馆，2014:44.
[12] [德]海德格尔.哲学论稿：从本有而来[M].孙周兴，王庆节，译.北京：商务印书馆，2015.
[13] Shih J J,Krusienski D J,Wolpaw J R.Brain-Computer Interfaces in Medicine[J].Mayo Clinic Proceedings,2012,87(3):272.
[14] Foley P.Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease:Historical and Neuroethical Aspects[M].Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands,2015:565.
[15] Klein E.Informed Consent in Implantable BCI Research:Identifying Risks and Exploring Meaning[J].Science and Engineering Ethics,2016,22(5):1302.
[16] 海德格尔.只还有一个上帝能救渡我们[M]// 海德格尔选集(下).熊伟，译.上海：上海三联书店，1996:1307.
[17] 刘啸霆.文明危机与第二开端的哲学[J].理论探讨，2021,(6):106,110.
[18] 李伦.人工智能与大数据伦理[M].北京：科学出版社，2008:261.
[19] [德]海德格尔.哲学论稿：从本有而来[M].孙周兴，译.北京：商务印书馆，2012.
[20] Kraemer F.Me,Myself and My Brain Implant:Deep Brain Stimulation Raises Questions of Personal Authenticity and Alienation[J].Neuroethics,2013,6(3):484.
[21] Farisco M,Laureys S,Evers K.Externalization of Consciousness:Scientific Possibilities and Clinical Implications[J].Human Brain Project Ethical Issues in Behavioural Neuroscience Current Topics in Behavioural Neuroscience,2015:214.
[22] [德]海德格尔.存在与时间[M].陈嘉映，王庆节，译.北京：商务印书馆，2015:338.
[23] Heidegger M.The question concerning technology,and other essays[M].New York:Harper Collins Publishers,2013.
[24] 刘大椿，等.审度：马克思科学技术观与当代科学技术论研究[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，2017.
[25] Friedrich O,Racine E,Steinert S,et al.An Analysis of the Impact of Brain-Computer Interfaces on Autonomy[J].Neuroethics,2021,14(1):18.
[26] 孙周兴.海德格尔与技术命运论[J].世界哲学，2020(5):88.
① 图1显示了脑机接口的工作原理：将三种微电极放在皮质表层或深植入脑部，采集由神经元发射的信号，三种脑电图、皮质电图与皮质内电极检测不同波长及频率的讯息，这些信息被数字化后发送至信号处理器，经过提取整理、特征分析与算术转化后，化为逻辑控制与语义命令，通过控制环境与计算机系统，最终转换为由外部机械执行的物理命令。
② “大脑之门”项目：当截瘫者和中风患者思考和发射神经元时，一个芯片将信号转化为计算机内或假肢上的实际运动，患者能够通过控制计算机屏幕上的光标和虚拟键盘说话。
基本信息:
DOI：10.19484/j.cnki.1000-8934.2023.08.011
中图分类号:TP11;B086;B82-057
引用信息:
[1]陆慧,王志佳.基于存在主义反思“脑机接口”技术的伦理难题与出路[J].自然辩证法研究,2023,39(08):69-75.DOI:10.19484/j.cnki.1000-8934.2023.08.011.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金重大项目“自然辩证法中国化及当代创新研究”(20&ZD043)