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“儿童是小小科学家”这一观点风靡一时，认为支持儿童认知发展和科学理论变革的是同一个为自然选择所青睐的因果认知机制。然而，儿童因果认知的文化多样性研究表明，将因果认知看成一种跨文化普遍的基本认知机制是错误的。文化的可积累式演化理论可以解释因果认知的文化多样性。文化是人类解决新颖的适应性问题的终极方案，文化的可积累式演化过程则构成了人类新生个体必须适应的社会文化环境。社会文化环境为新生个体的因果认知发展提供了动力和约束条件。模仿儿童认知的人工智能设计研究需考虑赋予人工智能以文化及文化学习能力的必要性。
Abstract：The view that “children are little scientists” has gained considerable popularity, suggesting that children's cognitive development and scientific theory change arise from the same causal cognitive mechanisms favored by natural selection. However, research into the cultural diversity of children's causal cognition indicates that it is mistaken to view causal cognition as a culturally universal and fundamental cognitive mechanism. The theory of cumulative cultural evolution offers an explanation for this cultural variability in causal cognition. Culture provides solutions to novel adaptive challenges, and the process of cumulative cultural evolution shapes the socio-cultural environment into which human infants are born. This environment imposes both shaping forces and constraints on the development of their causal cognition. Consequently, research into artificial intelligence based on child cognition must take into account the importance of culture and the need to equip AI with cultural learning capabilities.
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① 不同年龄段的儿童通常拥有不同的认知能力，其认知发展程度也各不相同。儿童认知发展研究一般会严格限定儿童被试的年龄，从而尽可能明确基本认知机制出现的时间，防止后天教养环境误导研究结论。但是本文不会明确区分不同年龄阶段的儿童，而是笼统称之为儿童，原因与下文论证的观点是一以贯之的，那就是儿童至始至终都浸润在社会文化之中，父母抚养、亲子互动以及儿童玩耍等日常活动都是文化实践行为，都直接影响儿童的认知发展过程。
(1)“文化”是一个极为复杂的概念,什么是文化,定义种类繁多,各学科关注点也各有不同,困扰学界多时。然而,有一些关键特征是文化所特有的,也是从演化的角度,解释人类为什么会有文化的关键,那就是文化是一种能够影响个体行为的信息,个体通过教学、模仿和其他形式的社会传播机制,从同一物种的其他成员那里获得这种信息,满足这些条件的信息都可以看成文化。
基本信息:
DOI：10.19484/j.cnki.1000-8934.2025.11.005
中图分类号:N02;TP18;B844.1
引用信息:
[1]王雨程.对“儿童是小小科学家”的重新审视——以文化演化为视角[J].自然辩证法研究,2025,41(11):29-36.DOI:10.19484/j.cnki.1000-8934.2025.11.005.
基金信息:
2024年陕西省社会科学基金年度项目“文化演化逻辑驱动的科学演化研究及其合理性分析”(2024C004); 2024年国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“文化演化视域下认知连续性论题研究”(24FZXB025); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“生成式AI时代文化的可积累式演化危机研究”(ZYTS25110)